Fig. 1. FESEM images of ZnO nanorods, with variation of the concentration of zinc (cup)₂: (a) 0.24 mM, (b) 1.17 mM, and (c) 2.36 mM with a fixed concentration of NaOH (0.04 M), trioctyl amine (4.58 mM). (d) TEM image of a ZnO nanorod along with the SAED pattern.

Fig. 2. (a) UV–Vis absorption spectrum of ZnO nanorods obtained with 2.36 mM of Zn(cup)₂ and 0.04 M NaOH and inset shows ZnO nanorods obtained at 0.24 mM of Zn(cup)₂. (b) PL spectrum of ZnO nanorods obtained with 2.36 mM of Zn(cup)₂ and inset shows ZnO nanorods obtained at 0.24 mM of Zn(cup)₂.

Fig. 3. FESEM images of ZnO nanoflowers obtained with 2.36 mM of Zn(cup)₂, 0.04 M of NaOH with variation of amine chain length using (a) butylamine and (b) hexadecyl amine, of concentrations 2.29 mM. The corresponding PL spectra of ZnO nanoflowers prepared using (c) butyl amine and (d) hexadecylamine.

Fig. 4. FESEM images of ZnO nanorods obtained with 1.17 mM of Zn(cup)₂ 0.04 M of NaOH, with the variation of trioctyl amine concentration (a) 2.29 mM, (b) 4.58 mM, (c) 18.32 mM and (d) TEM image of bundles of ZnO nanorods obtained at trioctyl amine concentration 18.32 mM, along with SAED pattern.

Fig. 5. ZnO single-crystalline ultrathin films obtained with 0.12 mM of Zn(cup)₂ and 0.04 M NaOH. (a) TEM image along with SAED pattern, (b) contact mode AFM image, (c) PL spectrum with inset UV–Vis absorption spectrum and (d) height profile of thin film obtained by AFM.

Fig. 6. (a) FESEM image of ZnO bundles of nanorods obtained with 2.36 mM of Zn(cup)₂ 0.04 M NaOH and (b) corresponding PL spectrum along with UV–Vis absorption spectrum as an inset.

Fig. 7. Ferromagnetic hysteresis loop of ZnO thin film, obtained at the liquid–liquid interface using 0.12 mM of Zn(cup)₂ and 0.04 M of NaOH.